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Spine Deformity Correction

The primary goal of deformity surgery is to achieve balanced spinal alignment through stable fusion, preventing further deformity and relieving neurological symptoms.

Q. What are spinal deformities?

Ans: Spinal deformities are deviations or rotations in the spine’s natural curve.

Types of Spinal Deformities

Kyphosis: A hump-like curvature in the upper back.

Lordosis: An inward curvature of the lower back.

Scoliosis: A sideways deviation, where the spine curves left or right when viewed from the front or back.

What are the risk factors for spinal deformities?

  • Idiopathic scoliosis, often occurring without a known cause.
  • Genetic and congenital conditions, e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, achondroplasia.
  • Kyphosis risk factors: poor posture, osteoporosis, infections, injuries.
  • Lordosis risk factors: osteoporosis, vertebral slippage, obesity.
  • Ankylosing spondylitis causing a bamboo spine appearance.

What are the symptoms of spinal deformity?

Symptoms vary by deformity type and can include:

  • Pain: Often felt in the upper spine or ribs for scoliosis.
  • Imbalance or difficulty standing: Misalignment can lead to posture issues.
  • Visible curvature: Noticeable hump in kyphosis or uneven shoulders in scoliosis.
  • No symptoms: Some mild deformities are asymptomatic.

How are spinal deformities diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a specialist's evaluation through:

  • Physical examination
  • Full-spine X-rays including shoulders and proximal thighs
  • MRI to rule out spinal cord issues
  • CT scans for detailed bone structure analysis, aiding surgical planning

What are treatments for spinal deformities?

Treatment goals include:

  • Pain relief
  • Minimizing spinal strain
  • Preserving spine structures like disks and vertebrae
  • Facilitating breathing if lungs are impacted
  • Improving deformity appearance

If the deformity is stable and symptoms are minimal, regular monitoring may suffice. Physical therapies can also help correct spine orientation and slow curve progression.

When is spinal surgery necessary?

  • Compression of organs by the spinal curve
  • Progressive curvature
  • Severe, unresponsive pain
  • Radicular pain or neurological decline

Surgery involves realigning the spine with instrumentation and spinal fusion, holding it in the corrected position to prevent further curvature.

Surgeons use rods, screws, and bone grafts to encourage stable bone growth. Recovery generally takes about 3 months.

Are spinal deformities treated differently in children, adults, and the elderly?

Treatment differs by age: Children’s bones are still growing, so nonsurgical treatments like braces can help guide spinal growth. For adults, braces may ease pain without changing spine alignment.

For older adults with osteoporosis, treatment may include calcium, hormone therapy, and exercises to enhance bone density. Braces and orthotics help reduce discomfort without altering the spine’s position.